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雅思阅读题库：The College
Read the passage below about a college in the city of Bath, written in 1985, and answer the questions that follow.
The college has the advantage of location in one of the most attractive cities in the country. Within the city of Bath it occupies modem buildings in a landscaped garden on Sion Hill, Lansdown and an adjacent Georgian Crescent, Somerset Crescent, which includes teaching and residential accommodation for post-graduate studies. It also occupies three houses in Sydney Place, which are used for studio and workshop accommodation for part-time courses in the Visual Arts and for the Foundation Course in Art and Design.
The Newton Park site is situated four miles west of Bath between the villages of Newton St Loe and Corston. Within the grounds are a Georgian mansion, where the college's central administration is located, an Elizabethan dairy, stables and the tower of a medieval manor house: all these older buildings have been adapted to present-day use. A new purpose-built Home Economics block was opened in January 1985. During 1986 a new Sports hall will be completed and new residential blocks are under construction to be completed ready for the start of the academic year in September 1986; a new Music block will be completed in 1987.
The Art and Design degree courses which are currently accommodated at Corsham, about nine miles east of Bath, will be moved to the Sion Hill site in Bath by September 1986 thus reinforcing Faculty and Course links.
The college courses are designed to take advantage of the special opportunities and circumstances provided by its environment. Students have available such resources as the Costume and fashion Research Centre, the Royal Photographic Centre and the Museum of American Domestic Lift at Claverton. Concerts and recitals, including some given by staff and students, take place throughout the year in the Assembly Rooms.
The college uses buildings in five different place. Where are the following thins located?
In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet write
NP if something is located in Newton Park
C if something is located in Crescent
SH if something is located in Sion Hill
SC if something is located in Somerset Crescent
SP if something is located in Sydney Place
Example Answer
A landscaped garden SH
1. Central Administration
2. Home Economics Block
3. Art and Design Foundation Course
4. Art and Design Degree Course after 1986
5. Post-graduate Residences
6. Sports Hall
7. Music Block .
SECTION 3 Questions 8-18
Read the passage below and answer questions 8-18.
The 17th Winter Games, held in Norway in 1994, are part of an Olympic tradition which goes back almost 3,000 years. For more than 1,000 years the ancient Games were held, every four years, on hallowed ground near Mount Olympus, where the Greek gods were said to live.
The ' Olympics' brought together men from war-torn tribes and states in Greece and its colonies, A sacred truce was declared to allow men to travel to the games in safety. Women could not take part and were forbidden, on pain of death, even to attend the Games.
The ancient Olympics were abolished by the Roman Emperor Theodosius in 393 AD, after Greece had lost its independence. But the idea never died and the Frenchman Baron Pierre de Coubertin, and educator and scholar, founded the modern Olympics. His aim was to bring together, once every four years, athletes from all countries on the friendly fields of amateur sport. No account was to be taken of national rivalries, nor politics, race, religion, wealth or social status. The first modern Games were held in Athens in 1896, and four years later, in Paris, women began to take part. Although the winter Olympics did not begin until 1924, figure skating was part of the 1908 London summer Olympics, both skating and ice hockey were included in the Antwerp Games in 1920. But generally winter sports were felt to be too specialized. Only cold-weather countries had much experience of activities such as skiing-a means of transport overland across ice and snow during long winters .The Scandinavians, for whom skiing is a part of everyday life, had objected to a winter games. They feared it would threaten their own Nordic games, which had been held every four years since 1901. But the International Olympic Committee (IOC) agreed to stage an International Sports Week in Chamonix, France ,in 1924. It was a success and the Scandinavians won 28 of the 43 medals, including nine golds. They dropped their objections and the event was retrospectively named the First Olympic Winter Games.
Apart from the Second World War period the Winter Olympics were held every four years, a few months before the summer Olympics. But in 1986 the IOC changed the schedule so that the summer and winter games would be held in different years. Thus, for the only time in history, the Lillehammer (Norway) Games took place just two years after the previous Winter Olympics which were held in Albertville, France.
Since the Winter Games began, 55 out of 56 gold medals in the men's nordic skiing events have been won by competitors from Scandinavia or the former Soviet Union. For teams from warm weather countries, cross-country skiing can pose problems, At the Calgary Games in 1988, one competitor in the 50-kilometre even was so slow that race officials feared he was lost and sent out a search party. Roberto Alvarez of Mexico had never skied more than 20 kilometres before and finished 61st and last 52 minutes behind the 60th place.
Questions 8-11
Complete the table below. Write a date for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet,
DATE EVENT
...(8)... Ancient Olympics came to an end
...(9)... First women's events
Example ...1901... First Nordic Games
...(10)... First winter team game included in Olympics
...(11)... First Winter Olympic Games
Questions 12-18
Look at the following statement. In boxes 12-18 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
12. The spectators, as well as the participants , of the ancient Olympics were all male.
13. Only amateur athletes are allowed to compete in the modern Olympics.
14. The modern Olympics have always demonstrated the political neutrality intended by their founder
15. The Antwerp Games proved that winter sports were too specialized.
16. Cross-country skiing events are a specialty of cold-weather countries.
17. Only Scandinavians have won gold medals in men's winter Olympics nordic skiing events.
18. One Winter Olympics has succeeded another every four years since 1924 with a break only for the Second World War
雅思阅读题库：Hackers target the home front
1. One of the UK's leading banks has been forced to admit that organized hacking gangs have been targeting its executives. For the past year, Royal Bank of Scotland has been fighting systematic attempts to break into its computer systems from hackers who have sent personalized emails containing key loggers to its senior management. This has included executives up to board level and is now the subject of a separate investigation by the Serious and Organized Crime Agency.
2. The hackers are homing in on the trend for people to work from home. The hackers make the assumption that the computers being used outside the work environment are more vulnerable than those protected by a corporate IT department.
Growing threat
3. For companies it is a growing threat as home working increases: a recent survey from the Equal Opportunities Commission found that more than 60% of the UK's population wants the option of flexible working.
4. And the hackers are employing increasingly sophisticated techniques. Each email they send is meticulously built to make it attractive to its target, who the criminals have carefully researched by trawling the internet for information. Once the email is composed, the malaria is just as carefully designed: it is often modified to avoid detection by security software.
5. The key logger contained in the email installs itself automatically and then collects details of logins and passwords from the unsuspecting user. This means that hackers can, using the usernames and passwords stolen by the key loggers, connect to VPNs, or Virtual Private Networks, which many companies use to create an encrypted pathway into their networks.
6. Once inside a bank's network, the hackers can communicate directly with computers holding account information and manipulate funds.
7. Has this actually happened? In some cases sources claim that the login details of VPNs have been obtained and used though there has been no confirmation that any losses have occurred as a result. The attacks are not believed to have focused on RBS but to have been across the whole of the banking industry.
8. Royal Bank of Scotland said that the bank had suffered no losses as a result of the attacks and added: "RBS has extremely robust processes in place in order to protect our systems from fraud. Trojan email attacks are an industry-wide issue and are not isolated to a particular area or a particular bank."
9. It is not just banks that have been targets. Last year attempts were made to steal information from the Houses of Parliament using malicious email. Message labs, the company responsible for monitoring much of the email traffic of the government and big business for suspect software, said at the beginning of the year that criminals have been evolving more sophisticated techniques to attack corporate networks.
10. According to Mark Sunner, chief technology officer of Message labs, the number of malicious emails targeted at individuals has been increasing. Two years ago they were being seen once every two months, but now they are seeing one or two a day. This has been accompanied by an increase in quality in the creation of Trojans and spy ware.
11. "The hackers are now aiming to take over computers, particularly those of home users. Some of the malicious software that we are routinely seeing for that purpose will have its own antivirus system built into it so that they can kill off the programs of their competitors."
Increased vigilance
12. Tony Neate, the head of Get Safe Online, a government-funded organization set up to raise awareness among UK businesses of computer criminals, says: "There is now an attempt to target individuals within UK businesses - including the banking sector. What is happening is that crime is doing what it always does, which is look for the weakest link. Home working is where they perceive a weakness.
13. "This points to a need for increased vigilance and security by those working from home and by those responsible for letting them work from home. For home working to be effective, security needs to be as effective as if working in an office." (667 words)
Questions 1-4
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
1. What do the hackers use to attack the computer system of the Royal Bank of Scotland?
2. Which word is most likely to be used by hackers to describe home computers?
3. What do the majority of people in the UK prefer?
4. How do hackers collect information so as to compose emails?
5. What do hackers obtain illegally to gain access to banks’ computer network?
Questions 5-12
Complete the sentences below with words from the passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
6. The use of login details of VPNs by criminals does not necessarily result in any _______________________________.
7. Royal Bank of Scotland claimed that they are not the only victim of _____________________.
8. Corporate networks will be another target of hackers with improved _____________________.
9. The attacks on individuals have been greatly increased within __________________________.
10. With ___________________, software used by criminals can eliminate its competing programs.
11. Home users are chosen as a target because they are considered as a ___________________ .
12. Get Safe Online is calling for an increase in _________________ to ensure safe home working.
10.Where is PassMark Security located?
雅思阅读模拟题：Seeking an energy holy trinity
1.NEELIE KROES, the European Union’s competition commissioner, did not mince her words when reporting on Europe’s energy markets on Wednesday January 10th. Europe’s energy firms have failed to invest in networks and so customers are suffering. Those “vertically integrated” energy companies such as Electricity de France (EDF) or Germany’s E.ON, widely dubbed as “national champions”, are effectively behaving like local monopolies. Shy of competition, eager for artificially high prices, they are helping to block the efficient generation, transmission and distribution of energy on the continent.
2.Energy prices vary wildly across Europe. Ms Kroes wants to see cheaper energy, and intends to push suppliers to divest their distribution network and to get them to invest more in transportation systems so that more energy—in the form of gas, or electricity, for example—can flow easily over borders. It is remarkably hard, for example, for gas-poor Germany to import from the neighbouring, gas-rich Netherlands. Companies that dominate national markets have, so far, had little interest in improving the interconnections which would mean lower prices for consumers across the continent.
3.Ms Kroes, of course, will struggle to get her way. The European Commission, which on the same day presented its recommendation for improving EU energy policy, also wants to see the unbundling of ownership, the legal separation of energy suppliers and transporters, something that the integrated energy companies and interested governments, notably in France and Germany, are bound to oppose ferociously.
4.Complicating the matter is an argument over the security of energy supply in Europe. Much has been made of the risk for western Europe of depending too heavily on Russian exports of gas. Russia under Vladimir Putin is prone to using energy exports as a blunt tool of foreign policy, especially when trying to bully countries in its hinterland. Last year Russia interrupted gas deliveries to Ukraine, affecting supplies in central and western Europe too. This week it blocked oil exports passing via Belarus to Europe, though that spat was soon resolved.
5.The risk is that concerns about security of supply may be used spuriously by those in Europe who oppose the sort of liberalization encouraged by Ms Kroes. The likes of E.ON and EDF may claim that only protected national champions are able to secure supply, by striking long-term deals with powerful foreign suppliers. The Commission disagrees. Such deals are too often politically motivated and far from transparent. Protection has been tried for long enough and evidently has not worked for the internal market, nor have these companies secured the best deals for consumers from the Russians.
6.In contrast, the Commission's new policy proposes, ideally, a break-up of these companies into suppliers and distributors. (As a second best solution, especially for France and Germany, it recommends the management of the networks by a third party.) Properly independent managers of Europe's energy networks would have a strong incentive to build interconnecting pipelines and power lines across borders. For the gas market another means of ensuring competition and security would be finding a more diverse range of suppliers, for example by building more terminals for the import of liquefied natural gas. It would also be likely to mean lower prices, if the example of liberalized Britain over the past ten years is anything to go by.
7.Whether any of this is likely to happen soon, however, is another matter. The Commission is also calling for European governments to agree on a common effort to reduce carbon emissions by at least 20% by 2020 (compared with 1990 levels). If America is willing to play ball, the Commission proposes to reduce emissions by as much as 30%. Achieving either target would mean promoting cleaner cars, a more effective emissions-trading system for Europe, wider use of public transport and a sharp increase in the use of renewable sources of energy, like wind and solar power. All that is laudable enough, but will also require political horse-trading as governments—Europe’s leaders are due to meet in March to discuss the various energy proposals—try to avoid commitments that may hurt domestic energy companies or make European firms less competitive than rivals in America, Asia and elsewhere. (689 words)
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements reflect the views of the writer in the reading passage?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet write
YES if the statement reflects the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage
1. Europe’s energy companies have funded the construction of the distribution network.
2. There has been a wide range of energy prices within Europe.
3. Gas-poor Germany has to pay a price higher than average to import gas from its neighbour.
4. E.ON and EDF may oppose the liberalization due to their concerns about the security of energy supply.
5. The European Commission proposes to reduce carbon emissions by 30% if the U.S. is willing to cut its.
Questions 6-10
Look at the box of countries below.
Choose One or Two countries to complete the following sentences.
Write your answers in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet.
Countries
A. Belarus
B. Britain
C. France
D. Germany
E. Russia
F. Ukraine
G. The U.S.
6………It’s dangerous for western Europe to depend too much on gas imports from ……
7………A liberalized policy of energy supply was enforced over ten years in …
8………Last year energy supplies in central and western Europe was affected owing to the interruption of gas deliveries to …
9………The governments in …… are bound to oppose the separation of energy suppliers and transporters?
10…….Oil exports passing via … to Europe was blocked this week.
Questions 11-14
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the reading passage above for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 11-14.
11. The EC disagrees with energy firms to strike long-term deals with foreign suppliers because such deals are usually far from ………………………….………
12. The EC proposes to split those “national champions” into …………………….………..…
13. A more diverse range of suppliers would guarantee …………………………..in the European gas market.
14. The realization of carbon emissions reduction would require the promotion of cleaner cars, a better emissions-trading system, wider use of public transport and more use of ………………..… of energy.
Complete the notes below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
雅思阅读模拟题:Sun's fickle heart may leave us cold
1.There's a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales of around 100,000 years - exactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computer model of our star's core.
2.Robert Ehrlich of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, modeled the effect of temperature fluctuations in the sun's interior. According to the standard view, the temperature of the sun's core is held constant by the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion. However, Ehrlich believed that slight variations should be possible.
3.He took as his starting point the work of Attila Grandpierre of the Konkoly Observatory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 2005, Grandpierre and a collaborator, Gábor ágoston, calculated that magnetic fields in the sun's core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma. These instabilities would induce localized oscillations in temperature.
4.Ehrlich's model shows that whilst most of these oscillations cancel each other out, some reinforce one another and become long-lived temperature variations. The favored frequencies allow the sun's core temperature to oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6 million Kelvin in cycles lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. Ehrlich says that random interactions within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other.
5.These two timescales are instantly recognizable to anyone familiar with Earth's ice ages: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years. Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.
6.Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result of subtle changes in Earth's orbit, known as the Milankovitch cycles. One such cycle describes the way Earth's orbit gradually changes shape from a circle to a slight ellipse and back again roughly every 100,000 years. The theory says this alters the amount of solar radiation that Earth receives, triggering the ice ages. However, a persistent problem with this theory has been its inability to explain why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.
7."In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea why the frequency should change from one to another," says Neil Edwards, a climatologist at the Open University in Milton Keynes, UK. Nor is the transition problem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces. Ehrlich and other critics claim that the temperature variations caused by Milankovitch cycles are simply not big enough to drive ice ages.
8.However, Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by Milankovitch cycles are then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth. For example, if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide that would otherwise have found its way into the atmosphere as part of the carbon cycle is locked into the ice. That weakens the greenhouse effect and Earth grows even colder.
9.According to Edwards, there is no lack of such mechanisms. "If you add their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch work," he says. "The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work." This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on the current theory. "Milankovitch cycles give us ice ages roughly when we observe them to happen. We can calculate where we are in the cycle and compare it with observation," he says. "I can't see any way of testing [Ehrlich's] idea to see where we are in the temperature oscillation."
10.Ehrlich concedes this. "If there is a way to test this theory on the sun, I can't think of one that is practical," he says. That's because variation over 41,000 to 100,000 years is too gradual to be observed. However, there may be a way to test it in other stars: red dwarfs. Their cores are much smaller than that of the sun, and so Ehrlich believes that the oscillation periods could be short enough to be observed. He has yet to calculate the precise period or the extent of variation in brightness to be expected.
11.Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is far from convinced. He describes Ehrlich's claims as "utterly implausible". Ehrlich counters that Weiss's opinion is based on the standard solar model, which fails to take into account the magnetic instabilities that cause the temperature fluctuations. (716 words)
Questions 1-4
Complete each of the following statements with One or Two names of the scientists from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
A. Attila Grandpierre
B. Gábor ágoston
C. Neil Edwards
D. Nigel Weiss
E. Robert Ehrlich
1. ……...claims there a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall in periods as long as those between ice ages on Earth.
2. ..........calculated that the internal solar magnetic fields could produce instabilities in the solar plasma.
3. ……...holds that Milankovitch cycles can induce changes in solar heating on Earth and the changes are amplified on Earth.
4. ……...doesn't believe in Ehrlich's viewpoints at all.
Questions 5-9
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?
In boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage
FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
5. The ice ages changed frequency from 100,000 to 41,000 years a million years ago.
6. The sole problem that the Milankovitch theory can not solve is to explain why the ice age frequency should shift from one to another.
7. Carbon dioxide can be locked artificially into sea ice to eliminate the greenhouse effect.
8. Some scientists are not ready to give up the Milankovitch theory though they haven't figured out which mechanisms amplify the changes in solar heating.
9. Both Edwards and Ehrlich believe that there is no practical way to test when the solar temperature oscillation begins and when ends.
Questions 10-14
Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet.
The standard view assumes that the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusions hold the temperature ...10...in the sun's interior, but the slight changes in the earth's ...11... alter the temperature on the earth and cause ice ages every 100,000 years. A British scientist, however, challenges this view by claiming that the internal solar magnetic ...12... can induce the temperature oscillations in the sun's interior. The sun's core temperature oscillates around its average temperature in ...13... lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. And the ...14... interactions within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other, which explains why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.
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